The s Over Its Long History - 1552 Words

Barclay’s over its long history has grown into one of the largest financial groups in the United Kingdom3. Since there early start in banking, Barclays has since then diversified itself into investment banking, and investment management as well. They operate over 850 branches in over 60 countries in which 2000 are based in the United Kingdom3. â€Å"The company has over 4.5 million registered online bankers and over 10.6 million Barclaycard customers in the United Kingdom†3. Barclay’s is currently the 7th largest bank in the world with assets valuing $2.41 trillion. Barclay’s has an extensive history as one of the oldest banks in the world dating back to the late 17th century. John Freame and Thomas Gould were goldsmiths working in Lombard†¦show more content†¦Libor, the London Interbank Lending Rate, is considered to be one of the most important rates in finance because trillions of financial contracts utilize this rate. Libor is used globally as a â€Å"benchmark interest rate†2 in which it is used to set up a range of financial deals. It is also used as measure for financial institutions to gauge their trust level in the financial system and to check each institutions financial health. This rate is determined by a group of leading banks that submit the rates of ten different currencies and fifteen lengths of loans, which range from overnight to twelve months2. The most important part is the â€Å"three-month dollar Libor†2, which is the rate that other banks would borrow from each other for three months. Traders managed to manipulate this rate because the rates submitted are estimates; it would be relatively easy to submit false figures2. Traders in other banks devised a plan with each other by submitting rates that were higher or lower than the actual estimate in order to control the interest rate. Libor is an interest rate that is determined by the rates at which banks lend funds to each other on the London interbank market. Every day the banks submit their borrowing costs to the Thomson Reuters data collection service in which an agent calculates out Libor2. The agent discards the highest and lowest quarter of submissions and thenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Red Mars 1087 Words   |  5 Pagesthat â€Å"History is not evolution! It is a false analogy! Evolution is a matter of environment and chance, acting over millions of years. But history is a matter of environment and choice, acting within lifetimes, and sometimes within years, or months, or days! History is Lamarckian! † (Robinson 88). Arkady is stating that we choose our own history. Over the course of the book, the story of Mars twists and turns, and becomes something completely different. Mars changes from red to green. Arkady s conceptRead MoreIn Regards To The Daca And Dapa Programs, President Obama1517 Words   |  7 Pages In regards to the DACA and DAPA programs, President Obama spoke about the U.S being a â€Å"nation of immigrants†, referencing the country’s long history of immigration. In her book, Small Strangers, historian Melissa R. Klapper maintains that U.S. history is a story of foreign-born youth and children of immigrants. She says: â€Å"As both real people and symbols, turn-of-the-century immigrant children played a vital role [in the] unprecedented productivity and economic growth of their country.† ImmigrantRead MoreSkiing Is A Way Of Survival908 Words   |  4 PagesAs you stand at the top of a run and look down over the mountain; with twisting and turning slopes, you feel at peace and connected with nature. This is what skiing can do for you; however, it hasn’t always been a way to get out and enjoy the mountain air. As a matter of fact, skiing used to be mainly for survival. Scientists have found rock art drawn by ancient civilizations in 8000 B.C. that depict people skiing. Back in those days, it was the Scandinavians, Russians, and Altay Mountain folk thatRead MoreA History of the City of Buffalo1384 Words   |  6 PagesMany things from the past have brought about the way we live today. The history of a big city has a tremendous affect of making our town a better place to live. Architecture that was once full of life is currently standing but abandoned downtown, in the city of Buffalo. These architectural pieces are what make Buffalo so special and outstanding. Its not always about the new technological advances and new buildings that are being built, but the ones with the older memories that should be appreciatedRead MoreThe Great Wall Of China1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Wall of China is known as the largest construction project to be put in effect in all of world history. The wall, also known in China as long wall of 10,000 li, is a collec tion of numerous short walls extending along the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. Although it is a common misconception that the Great Wall of China is one long continuous wall, it s structural inconsistency in no way undermines its greatness. The wall has been built, destructed, rebuiltRead MoreEssay on Did Religion Impact American History?561 Words   |  3 PagesEvidence throughout American history, confirms religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most wars in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research paper, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. Specifically, itRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination During The 1920 S1585 Words   |  7 Pa gesequality for all, the United States has a long history of segregation and discrimination that has long affected present policy. It is clear that racial minorities have been targets of this racial bias for years, and even after slavery was abolished, African-Americans continued to face the most racism due to the color of their skin. Thus, by looking at how John Franklin’s life experience as a boy scout during the 1920’s illustrates a small peek into the history of race and ethnicity in America, we canRead MoreHistory of Basketball848 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Basketball Basketball has been around for over 100 years, and from the very beginning to now, the sport has come a long way. Basketball is extremely popular around the world, it is a court game played by two teams of five players each. The object is to put a ball through a hoop, or basket, and thus score more points than the opposing team (Naismith). Today there is the NBA as the professional league and colleges all across America has picked up the game of basketball also. TodayRead MoreThe Historical Inquiry Of The Greek World1576 Words   |  7 Pagescultural history by celebrating his favorite city-state Athens along with other Greek city-states. In several ways, Herodotus differed from other historians and mythologist from precedent eras. He did not completely banish the supernatural from his Histories. His accounts of the Persian Wars he verbally expressed was mostly due to past events to natural causes (Richard, 2003). Thucydides focused his works just on the Peloponnesian War and before he could finish his complete and precise history, he diedRead MoreEssay on Voting History In The United States of America1539 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout American history, many minority groups have encountered significant barriers to the right to vote. Traditionally, specific populations concerned with protecting their power over othe rs have maintained tight control over this privilege. In doing so, violations of basic human rights have occurred; state and federal governments established voting restrictions based on race. Fortunately, several methods were taken for overcoming these limitations that resulted in the voting practices used

The Story Of Phil s Life - 1538 Words

Dan wasn t 100% sure of the exact moment he d fallen in love with his best friend, but he was certainly aware of the moment realisation struck that this was the case. It was like a thousand ton of bricks (somehow) cascaded from the sky, hit him all at once and finally placed his thoughts together. Thoughts that had been so jumbled up and discarded, so shunned and rejected, so confused and hopeless – that he d forgotten he even owned them up until this point. Thinking about it, it was inevitable that Dan would fall for Phil – he d idolised him in his younger years, he turned to him in times of pain or stress – Phil was his escape from the crappy reality of his life. Then, suddenly, Phil wanted to be in his life as much as he wanted to be in Phil s, he made Dan feel wanted and of value, which was foreign to him. He was sweet and comforting and hilarious and so unconditionally kind to everyone he came across, how couldn t Dan be head over heels for him? The epiphany took place one morning that Dan had decided to sleep in. He d had a busy night the previous evening – filming the last few segments of a new video and doing a large chunk of the editing for it – the lie in was well deserved. The large amount of sleep Dan had had resulted in him feeling re-energised and full of optimism, due to this, he made his way to the lounge rather too enthusiastically for someone who had just gotten out of bed. It was at this moment that he was faced with an ebony haired man sat crossShow MoreRelatedPretty Woman Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesGarry Marshall, Pretty Woman is a romantic comedy and a modernized Cinderella. The story involves the evolution of the relationship between the two protagonists, Vivian (Julia Roberts) and Edward Lewis (Richard Gere). In the film how a business arrangement between a business magnate and a prostitute quickly becomes a genuine loving relationship. In addition to their complex business relationship, Edward’s lawyer Phil (Jason Alexander) is one of many obstacles to the desired â€Å"fairy tale ending.† EdwardRead MoreWhat Does Eastern Religions Mean For Americans?1397 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhist texts, as well as Buddhist teachers, were brought here to share and spread their religion. It wasn’t until the late 1950’s/early 1960’s that we see the interest in Buddhism, particularly Zen Buddhism, blossom throughout the country. Through the memoir â€Å"Sacred Hoops† by Phil Jackson, an NBA player and coach, we are able to see how Zen Buddhism not only altered his life, as well as his players, but how the religion also adapts to American culture. From reading both â€Å"Sacred Hoops† and learning aboutRead MoreOprah Winfrey : Successful Careers1328 Words   |  6 Pagesas well as her own successful career. â€Å"Winfrey has helped these television hosts launch successful careers (Dr. Phil, Rachel Ray, Dr. Oz).† said Dr. Da niels. Winfrey has been one of the only American women to change a television show into an actual network. Oprah gained most of her popularity on January 2, 1984 on Phil Donahue low-rated morning talk show which eventually changed her life. On September 8, 1986 Winfrey’s very first episode was watched by the Chicago audience shutting down the streetRead MoreAn Outsider s Perspective On An Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesand women in a group related to their own environment. This is an open meeting to the public at Awakening Serenity Club on the corner of Dracaea Avenue in Moreno Valley on September 30th at 7:00 p.m. It s a place where most students would not likely come to because there are no street lights; it s very dark at night. I felt the presence of uneasiness in my stomach existing from this environment. I did not know what the expectation was to be expected at this meeting. Regardless of that, I arrivedRead MoreThe Optimist s Daughter By Eudora Welty1328 Words   |  6 PagesDeath and dying is an inescapable process that all humans will face at some time in life, whether it is the death of a friend or family member. After experiencing the death of a loved one comes the process of grieving, which is part of coping with the loss of a loved one. The Optimist’s Daughter is a novel written by Eudora Welty, and it is based on a girl named Laurel McKelva Hand and her struggles with grief. Laurel utilizes memory to overcome the grief she experiences, resulting from the lossRead MoreNike Background966 Words   |  4 Pageslifts the world s greatest athletes to new levels of mastery and success. Swoosh The NIKE embodies the spirit of the winged goddess who inspired the most courageous and chivalrous warriors at the dawn of civilization. (From Nike Consumer Affairs packet, 1996) The Swoosh The Swoosh logo is a graphic design created by Caroline Davidson in 1971. Represents the wing of the Greek goddess Nike. Caroline Davidson was a student at Portland State University in advertising. She met Phil Knight while heRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Summer Lovin 875 Words   |  4 Pagesthe previous season. Claire and Haley attempt to stop Andy from proposing to Beth. Haley falls into deep depression. Claire and Phil try to end Haley’s sadness by taking her to the movies and getting her out of the house. Right before walking into the movies, the family runs into Dylan, an ex-boyfriend who she decides to get back together with. Mitchell begins a mid-life crisis after losing his job. He picks up painting, which becomes a hobby he is obsessed with. This starts to concern his partnerRead More4-MAT Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling1188 Words   |  5 PagesField of Dreams During the late 80’s, Phil Alden Robinson developed a sensational story that revolved around a real life account of a sport tragedy. The viewers were immersed in a touching account of how sport, a social interest, can play a powerful role in human bonding; thus becoming a very spiritual component of life. It in itself has a profound effect on the societies’ spiritual experiences; and just like religion can respectfully be considered a form of spirituality for a modern society,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Garden 2049 Words   |  9 PagesGarden Phil has trouble sleeping and goes for midnight walks to to calm himself. Dans a quiet guy in all black with self destructive tendencies and an abusive mother. - Phil took a deep breath, filling his lungs with the cool night air. He glanced up at the sky, hoping for at least one star for once. It was pitch black. He looked back down to the tarmac, kicking a stone as he walked down to the river at the end of his street. He shivered, the thin fabric of his t-shirt not being enough to protectRead MoreNikes beginning history and success.1356 Words   |  6 Pagesfor his Oregon runners, and Phil Knights search for a way to make a living without having to give up his love of athletics (Hincker 1). Their ideas and actions within Nike have radically changed the way sports, business, and popular cultures interact. This influence is seen best through the history of Nikes formation in its beginning years. The concept that would eventually lead to Nikes existence began on a rather small scale. While getting his MBA at Stanford, Phil Knight realized the business

Generations of Distance Education Pedagogy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Generations of Distance Education Pedagogy. Answer: Introduction: Projects are termed as an off and on activity which are availed at the platforms which are beyond the teaching, at times it is being evaluated that there are large number of projects availing a huge platform for learning and teaching and sometimes there are no projects availed for the teachers. It is necessary that investigation should be done in which feasibility of the engagement model with the beyond teaching platforms should be done. Gap analysis will also help in providing better set of information regarding the aspects missing in the strategy. Hence, for a proper investigation a literature will be reviewed and information related projects will be gathered. This report will help in developing better understanding with the perspectives of the learner and will provide better options for learning to the target population. This section of the research will include information related with the learners perspective which will help the teachers in getting a proper set of path for learning new things (Anderson, Dron, 2011). The information will be gathered from the secondary sources of data collection. Using secondary tool will help in providing a set path with the effect of which proper and effective set of information will be delivered to the target population. All the quality standards will be maintained in which assurance will be made that the data will not be copied from any article. Original content will be developed to provide appropriate and accurate information related with online learning trend and process. It is being explained in the article that Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) which is an online instruction format have attracted many of the educators attention in the higher education. The research was conducted to gain information related with the perceptions of the learners in relation with MOOC in which both qualitative and quantitative tools of data collection were used. Massive Online OPEN Course has a significant impact on the online education. MOOC is an online program which provides learning opportunities for the large number of peoples who were being excluded for certain reasons like time, their geographical locations, formal prerequisites and financial hardship. MOOC offers opportunities to the students in which they can discuss and share their ideas who want to share their knowledge and have a wide range of knowledge, skills and experience (Bell, 2014). Although MOOC is a platform which avails a huge opportunity for learning to the learners but then too there are certain optimists who believe that the current experimentation can lead to a major breakthrough in an interactive learning in the higher education. Many of the surveys were conducted so as to evaluate the feasibility of MOOC and to gather the information of whether the learners are really enjoying the learning provided by it. The results were effective which shows the positive sign as with the help of the survey information was gathered that yes MOOC resulted in an effective path with the help of which learners were getting better as well as effective opportunity for learning (Ellis, Levy, 2017). The project was feasible and the strategy developed used so as to gather the information was also effective. It could be evaluated that both qualitative as well as quantitative methods were used by the researchers to evaluate the information. Primary data is being availed by the researcher in this section of the research which helps in understanding that Massive Online Open Source helps in encouraging the learner to come up with new ideas and share them with others. This strategy helps in making developing a better learning framework for the people willing to learn new and innovative aspects (Macleod, et. al., 2015). MOOC was also availing better opportunities of learning in the geographical areas where professionals were finding issues in delivering their knowledge. MOOC provides free online services and learning platform which is again a positive aspect attached with the same as there are many of the people who cannot afford the online learning courses so with the help of MOOC they get the access to learn new things with the effect of which they get the opportunity to grow and develop in the competitive market (Ruth, 2012). It was evaluated in the findings that the reason due to which people choose MOOC as their learning tool are to learn more about the topic for their personal reason so that they can enhance their knowledge and learning power and some of the people were using the same for their current job (Zutshi, et. al., 2013). Conclusion Reviewing the literature related with various learning platforms it could be concluded that the teachers should work on a project of developing a learning platform which could reach to every single house. This will help in attracting more number of people towards the website and will help in creating more appropriate and effective learning environment. Such type of activity will also provide them better and effective future exposure with the help of which they will be able to sustain in the market and will be create a sustainable learning environment. References Anderson, T., Dron, J. (2011). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12, 8097. Bell, J. (2014).Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Ellis, T., Levy, Y. (2017). Framework of problem-based research: A guide for novice researchers on the development of a research-worthy problem.Informing Science: The International Journal Of An Emerging Transdiscipline,11, 17-33 Macleod, H., Haywood, J., Woodgate, A., Alkhatnai, M. (2015). Emerging patterns in MOOCs: Learners, course designs and directions. TechTrends: Linking Research Practice to Improve Learning, 59, 5663. Ruth, S. (2012). Can MOOCs and existing e-learning paradigms help reduce college costs? International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning, 8, 2132. Zutshi, S., OHare, S., Rodafinos, A. (2013). Experiences in MOOCs: The perspective of students. American Journal of Distance Education, 27, 218227.

Building Self Esteem Essay Example

Building Self Esteem Paper Building Self-esteem Abstract A lot of people suffer from the lack of self-confidence and often they don’t know the real reason. They unconsciously show this reason, low self-esteem. It’s very difficult for them to reach the goal they set and often they think the reason is their dis-abilities. They don’t trust in their skills. In reality no one is fully confident, because confidence isn’t general. You may feel confident in some field, while not in another one. So everyone needs to know the reasons and signs of lack of self-confidence, and of course ways to build self-esteem. This essay consists of all necessary information, which is necessary to struggle with this psychological problem. Building Self-esteem Nowadays, the psychological disorders and problems are main reason of discomfort while they cause a lot of other problems. It’s proved that a problem with self-esteem is most frequent. Because of no one is self-confident with 100%, everyone should work on building its own self-esteem, because if you don’t love yourself and don’t appreciate yourself properly, no one will do. Self-esteem is the opinion you have about you. Self-confidence is belief that you can achieve everything you want, you have potential of success and you trust you abilities. It’s based on the attitude your strengths and weaknesses, your independence and social status. It’s knowing that you don’t miss any skill which is necessary for success. Self-esteem gives you the energy and ability to complete the task or work you begin (Self-help brochure). The belief that self-confidence is inherited is the myth. It’s learned. You may feel confidence in one activity, while opposite in the different one. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Self Esteem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Building Self Esteem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Building Self Esteem specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It’s not constant at the same time, it may increase or decrease due to new events happening in life (Radwan, 2006). People who aren’t self-confident depend on the approval of others in order to feel good about themselves. They are risk-averse people, because they are afraid of failure, and so they miss a lot of available opportunities and this fact decreases the chances of success (Self-help brochure). There are a lot of reasons, which cause low self-confidence: wrong upbringing, inferiority complex, perfectionism, negative self-talk, poor self-image (Radwan, 2006). A lot of is depended on parents, how they treat with their children. They have a very important role in developing their child’s self-image. Also they have to teach them, how to estimate each situation. If parents are shouting and fighting because of every minor mistakes (e. g. staining clothes, breaking some things.. ) the result is that child starts thinking that making mistakes is shameful, that others are perfect, who don’t do mistakes and child feels inferiority. Parent should provide acceptance, because if they are too critical and discourage child from independence, child may believe he’s inadequate and inferior. As a result child will suffer from the lack of self-confidence (Self-help brochure). It’s proved that lack of self-confidence is not necessarily related to lack of ability. It is often the result of focusing too much on the unrealistic expectations or standards of others, especially parents and society. Friends influences can be more powerful than those of parents and society in shaping feelings about oneself. Children in their yearly age re-examine their attitudes and values, develop their identities and they often feel pressure from friends (Self-help brochure). Inferiority complex is a disorder that develops as a result of feeling inferior when compared to your peers or friends. This can act as a barrier to building self-confidence and so it is necessary to deal with it first (Radwan, 2006). Another great cause for a lack of self-confidence is being a perfectionist. A perfectionist always sets impossible goals and very high standards that he can never achieve and this causes his confidence to degrade as he fails again and again. They often think I must never make mistakes if I want to be great at what I do (Radwan, 2006). Telling negative words and phrases about you during the normal thinking process degrades the self-esteem as well (Radwan, 2006). It’s necessary to talk about the poor self-image during discussing lack of self-confidence. If you feel that you feel more confident during wearing your best shirt that while you were something else, that the reason of your lack of self-confidence is your poor self-image. Self-image is how you think about yourself: what kind of person you are, how you look, what’s your personal or social status. And poor self-image is when you are unhappy how you look, ou’re very pessimistic and think there is no hope for you (Radwan, 2006). There are a lot of signs which shows if a person suffers from the lack of self-confidence: shyness, aggression, over-sensitivity, attention seeking, self-consciousness, dependence on others, immediately replying on criticism, explaining every mistake and action, becoming a perfectionist and being unreasonably proud. Body language is also talking a lot of about it (UT learning center, 2006). Unconfident people give reasons for every action they do. They think others are perfect and are ashamed of little mistakes. So they try to give explanation to their actions and often are getting in the awkward situation. People with the law self-esteem can’t understand that making mistakes is the right of human and so many excuses aren’t necessary (Radwan, 2006). Everyone has experienced the situation, when you give someone a small critical comment and he returns immediately it but in an aggressive way. That shows that he lacks self confidence. People with high self-esteem listen to their critics and analyze them, if it’s constructive they get them, if not, it doesn’t bother them very much (Radwan, 2006). Some of these people try to hide their inferiority complex by their arrogance. Everyone has his own weak and strong points and it’s not necessary to compensate for these weaknesses. Again, no one is perfect (Radwan, 2006). Body language is one of the trustworthy ways to know if someone feels lack of self-confidence. As usual such people take the defensive position, which means standing (or sitting) with arms folded accompanied by crossing legs. Confident people rarely take this position (Radwan, 2006). Perfectionism is one of the main reasons of lack of self-confidence. They try to do everything perfectly because they consider the world perfect and they become upset when they get 99% instead of 100% (Radwan, 2006). Building self-esteem isn’t difficult if you concentrate and if you have wish. As UT learning center studied for developing self-confidence is necessary to accept yourself as you are, respect yourself, your abilities, your needs, focus on your strengths not on weaknesses, set realistic goals you can reach, develop good self-image and don’t blame others for your own mistakes, and don’t think others are perfect (Self-help brochure). Give yourself the credit for everything you do. Applaud yourself after every success, even if it’s little. Praise yourself for efforts rather than end products (Self-help brochure). Don’t miss a chance because of fear of losing. Important is experience, not winning or losing. Use every opportunity and be risk-lover (Self-help brochure). Use self-talk (not negative self-talk) and often remind yourself that you can’t do everything perfectly and get yourself as you are (Self-help brochure). Try to evaluate yourself independently and objectively, this will reduce your dependence on others attitudes about you. Focus on how you feel about your behavior, work and etc. this will develop your identity and will prevent you from giving your personal power away to others (Self-help brochure). Body language can make others think that you are confident even if you are not. Clasping the hand in front of the stomach, putting your hands behind your back, straight back, making your finger tips touch and walking with wide steps are all signs of self confidence. Clear tone of voice, well structured phrases, and assertive body language shows your high self-esteem (Radwan, 2006). Accept criticism with smile and try to analyze it with your cold mind (Radwan, 2006). Finally, when you are self-confident, you are happy, sure of yourself, highly motivated and have the right attitude to succeed. You feel independent; you don’t depend on others approval and can make decisions without a lot of hesitation. References Are You Singing the Low Self-Esteem Blues? Retrieved January 8, 2008, from http://bipolar. about. com/od/copingresources/a/lowselfesteem. htm Perera, K. (2007). What is Self-esteem? Retrieved January 7, 2008, from http://www. more-selfesteem. com/whatisselfesteem. htm Radwan, F. (2006). Poor Self-image and Poor body-image. The Ultimate Source for Self Understanding. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from http://www. 2knowmyself. com/self_body_image/poor_self_image

Sociology and Values Escape Barriers free essay sample

Simmel argues that the tumult of the metropolis (cited in Frisby 1989, p. 80) creates inner barriers between people and that sociability (Giulianotti 2007, p. 295) can transcend this problem. Discuss The social interaction between people is mainly determined on the people that we want to know and wan to interact with. This can come down to the same interests of that person in which they are attracted to such as location of where they live, hobbies, the types of clothes they wear, the music that they like listening to. These interests can create barriers to those who are different where individuals become less social to the people around them and only focus on the things that they want to focus on. Frisby (1989) argues this point through the findings of Simmel but it is only through the reading of Giulianotti (2005) that the sociability of the â€Å"tartan army† can break down interests from everyday life to form one group that removes all barriers for that particular event. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Values Escape Barriers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sociability can be defined as the social interaction between people, where the playful interaction through conversation creates a connection. Barriers which are formed that prevent sociability from occurring are largely determined by the consumerism of the particular individual and the certain status in which they want to obtain. The lack of sociability is being derived by major businsess and corporations as they target individuals who want a style that will make them the most popular in society. However, other individuals have chosen not to follow this as What is sociability Social interactions between people Form without contents Sociability- the pure form of what is considered to be society and which satisfies us Playful interaction Conversation What is its relevance Overstimulation of the senses Overstimulation through consumerism of producers and services Materialistic values Escape barriers How dos the tartan army reflect sociability No hierarchy-equal- dress code No violence- friendly banter- drinks Cant talk abou jobs/money only football

A Quiz About Semicolons in Run-In Lists

A Quiz About Semicolons in Run-In Lists A Quiz About Semicolons in Run-In Lists A Quiz About Semicolons in Run-In Lists By Mark Nichol Replacing a semicolon functioning as a weak period (one separating two independent clauses that are so closely related that dividing them into distinct sentences weakens their impact) with a comma is a grammatically indefensible error known as a comma splice. But various strategies for replacing a semicolon deployed as a strong comma (one separating items in a run-in list that are themselves lists) with actual commas are valid and sometimes it’s necessary to correct improper use of semicolons. Devise a solution for supplanting semicolons in the following sentences with commas, and compare your revisions to mine: 1. â€Å"Issues include workplace environments; hiring, training, and promotion practices; and management styles.† 1. The order of the items in this run-in list can be altered so that the complex item (a list element that is itself a list) trails the others; the structure of the final phrase in the following revision clearly identifies it as a single item parallel in structure to the first two without semicolons as signal markers between the three larger elements: â€Å"Issues include workplace environments, management styles, and hiring, training, and promotion practices.† (However, avoid this solution if list items deliberately organized chronologically or by some other scheme of logic would be put into disarray by the revision.) 2. â€Å"Issues include workplace environments; management styles; hiring, training, and promotion practices; and outsourcing and the use of part-time and contingent workers.† This extended version of the previous example is easily modified as well, without altering the syntax of the revision shown above. Represent the simple first and second list items and the complex third item as a list, as in the example above, and insert the conjunctive phrase â€Å"as well as† before the next two items: â€Å"Issues include workplace environments, management styles, and hiring, training, and promotion practices, as well as outsourcing and the use of part-time and contingent workers. 3. â€Å"There can also be organ deformities, including heart defects; heart murmurs; genital malformations; and kidney and urinary defects.† If it weren’t for the subordinate clause â€Å"including heart defects,† no semicolon would be necessary in this sentence. So, to avoid retaining the mostly excessive semicolons, find another way to include the additional information outside of a traditional in-line list. Retain the phrase as a parenthesized phrase, but, as in the previous example, employ â€Å"as well as† and separate the remaining list elements with commas: â€Å"There can also be organ deformities (including heart defects), as well as heart murmurs, genital malformations, and kidney and urinary defects.† 4. â€Å"Damage can be minimized by shielding the testes, ovaries, and/or uterus; surgically moving ovaries out of the irradiation field; or altering the treatment schedule.† The presence of a verb at the head of each list item sufficiently distinguishes the items, so semicolons are unnecessary: â€Å"Damage can be minimized by shielding the testes, ovaries, and/or uterus, surgically moving ovaries out of the irradiation field, or altering the treatment schedule.† If the items in a semicolon-laden run-in list share a verb, try assigning a distinct verb to each item so that you can replace the semicolons with commas. 5. â€Å"The plant sucks in 785 million gallons of water a day; coal-fires it to temperatures up to 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit to turn it into highly pressurized steam; then pipes the steam into a giant turbine that spin magnets inside wire coils to produce power.† Semicolons are employed to distinguish list items that are complex, as defined above, not those that are wordy. Despite the length of the three items in this sentence’s list, semicolons are excessive; separate the items with commas: â€Å"The plant sucks in 785 million gallons of water a day, coal-fires it to temperatures up to 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit to turn it into highly pressurized steam, and then pipes the steam into a giant turbine that spin magnets inside wire coils to produce power.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesDeck the HallsMankind vs. Humankind

HOW TOURISM CAN LEAD TO MIGRATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

HOW TOURISM CAN LEAD TO MIGRATION - Essay Example These recent changes in the earlier mentioned aspects are influencing people to travel. It will also help to examine the positive and negative factors playing in the socio-economical environment front of the city due to the issue of migrant workers. The main goal of the study is to find answers for the research questions. It will be achieved mainly by interviewing participants of two different locations London and Poland to learn new theories and ideas about this issue. In addition, researches should be conducted in near future about the global, local and regional policy making including the issues like society expectations, migration issues, rules and regulations as well as locals attitudes toward worldwide travellers. This will certainly help in better understanding of the subject how tourism influences travellers to become a migrant. CONTENTS PAGE 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction..................................................................................................p.4 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Methodology.................................................................................................p.6 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature Review 3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourism................................................................................................p.9 3.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourism and Migration.......................................................................p.10 3.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Migration.............................................................................................p.11 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Results and Analysis 4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Migration and European Union...........................................................p.12 4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poland and London case......................................................................p.14 4.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labour work.........................................................................................p.17 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discussions an d Conclusions.......................................................................p.19 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References ...................................................................................................p.22 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appendices...................................................................................................p.25 INTRODUCTION The world today has become smaller considering the huge improvement in transport that it has witnessed in last 100 years. Travelling from one part to another is less time consuming and less hectic. Again in last two or three decades globalization has spread through the world and that has followed a path of liberalization that has relaxed the boundaries between the countries. This particular phenomenon has fuelled both tourism and migration (here migration stands for immigration). Before moving into further details a brief definition and discussion on both these phenomenon might be felt necessary. As illustrated in literature Tourism, is a form of travelling for recreational, business or relaxation purpose (Chuck, 1997). Considering the phenomenal growth in tourists all over the world it is now considered as a very important social and economic incidence with significant impact

Food Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food Safety Management - Essay Example Botulism intoxication can result in death, which most often is caused by respiratory failure. The latent period is typically 12-36 hours but can range from 6 hours to 10 days. Stringent hygienic procedures while cooking and canning are recommended for keeping the disease at bay. In this case of food-borne botulism was termed as a clinically compatible illness in a village resident after laboratory confirmation of botulism or a history of eating the same food as previous botulism cases. It was found that 14 persons in the village had eaten fermented beaver tail and paw on January 17. Almost 20 hours after consuming these items, three of the 14 people developed symptoms suggestive of botulism, including dry mouth, blurry vision, and general weakness. Two patients developed respiratory failure and required intubations and mechanical ventilation. Two patients recovered without any further complication. The third one required tracheotomy tube placement and mechanical ventilation for one month. This patient had also been hospitalized with botulism in 1997. Of the other 11 infected persons, four reported minor symptoms compatible with botulism, including dry mouth and nausea, and were admitted to a hospital for overnight observation. One of them was hospitalized for 10 days with persistent ileus. The remaining seven were kept under observation for 48 hours. The clinical specimens from the 14 infected persons were tested... Six hours after the onset of symptoms, the three patients were administered with A/B and E botulism antitoxin. Two patients recovered without any further complication. The third one required tracheotomy tube placement and mechanical ventilation for one month. This patient had also been hospitalized with botulism in 1997. Of the other 11 infected persons, four reported minor symptoms compatible with botulism, including dry mouth and nausea, and were admitted to a hospital for overnight observation. One of them was hospitalized for 10 days with persistent ileus. The remaining seven were kept under observation for 48 hours. The clinical specimens from the 14 infected persons were tested for botulinum toxin at CDC. Type E toxin was detected in serum specimens from two of the ICU patients and in stool from the third. Despite minor symptoms, the other 11 persons had no toxin found in specimens and were not considered laboratory-confirmed cases. The same toxin was also found in the three beaver paws tested from the implicated meal. Beaver is hunted in southwest Alaska, and certain parts are often fermented and are eaten later. In this outbreak, the tail and paws had been wrapped in a paper rice sack and had been stored for up to three months in a patient's house before consumption. Some of the beaver tail and paw had been added to the sack as recently as 1 week before it was eaten. The severity of the case was low. The number of people infected was less and proper treatment was immediately administered to them. Out of the the 14 infected persons only three had to be hospitalized, rest eleven were discharged after being kept under observation for 48 hours. There were no causalities in the outbreak and it was brought under control in

The Bells by Allen Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Bells by Allen Poe - Essay Example The clanging and clamor of the brazen bells showed how the tales of terror have engulfed the world (Poe 23). The groaning and moaning of the iron bells shows how the melancholy menace of the tone has given rise to the world of solemn. In all the stanzas in the poem, the auditory and visual imagery, as well as sound and musical devices, got well incorporated. In the first section, the silver bells get considered as happy bells. The bells give cheerful and vivid sound, and visualization of the night. The rhythm of the silver bells gives rhyming sound and feelings to the poem. This stanza ends with a calm note, which makes a person listen to the cheerful tinkling and jingling of the silver bells. The theme of happiness gets well elaborated in this stanza. Fun and excitement gets well distinction by the bells. The poem also tells us that happiness could not be made by the feelings of joy alone, but it must be combined with peace and harmony (Poe 14). The second section of the poem introd uces another bell, which goes by the name golden bell. The sound of the bells still gives a happy feeling, but without hype in it. Golden bells are usually gold in color, which symbolizes beauty, calmness, and harmony. Here, the symbol faithfulness and love gets well illustrated by the turtle dove. The bells give out harmonious and pleasant sound, which flow voluminously. The theme of happiness gets well recognition in this section as the stanza ends with a cheerful mood (Poe 20). In the third section, the poem takes a turn from cheerful mood to fearful mood. Here, the bells beg for mercy, but the fire gets crazy and out of control. Repetition gets widely used in this stanza. The raging fire symbolizes the scary, crazy, and dark side of life. The bells give out a loud, repeated noise and wild uproar full of terror (Poe 18). The theme of fear gets detailed in this section. The sound of bells brings out the feeling of fear and panic. In this section, the emotions of joy and terror get well intertwined. The nightmare of fear and insanity gets well elaborated in the theme. Iron bells get introduced in the fourth section. Iron is not the most precious metal when compared to brass, gold, and silver. Hence, it symbolizes the degrading curve of happiness. Here, the bells drain terror and fills the air with solemn thought using a single melody. The bells get personified by ringing sound out of their throats. The sound of bells makes everything seem lifeless, passionless and empty (Poe 15). Rolling sound of the bells on the human heart brings out a miserable and unpleasant picture. This section ends with a sad note. The theme of death gets well explained in this stanza. Death is the most vital theme in this poem as it ends in chaos and fears. Symbols got used in the entire poem. Each bell got made from different types of metals. The value of each bell got depreciated as well the mood of the poem changed from happy to sad. Silver is a shiny and precious metal, which gets associated with joyful mood. In the second section, golden bells got used. Gold gets associated with permanence, love and wealth. Hence, the golden bells symbolize happiness, calmness and harmony. The brazen bells created scary atmosphere in the third stanza of the poem. Brass is a tough, hard and less precious metal, when compared to both the silver and gold. Brazen bells symbolize noise, fear and danger. The night also had much influence in the shifts of the moods. The

A Report On Romeo Juliet English Language Essay

A Report On Romeo Juliet English Language Essay What methods does Shakespeare use to show the characters feelings and thoughts in Act 3, Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet? Explain the scenes importance and consider how different audiences might respond. Shakespeare wrote the play, ‘Romeo Juliet more than 500 years ago and he used many techniques to make it interesting. Using techniques in a play is really important because it makes the play effective and also makes the reader understand the play better. Shakespeare uses a variety of techniques to show the characters feelings in Act 3, Scene 5 of ‘Romeo Juliet. For example, Shakespeare uses insults, antitheses, list, ambiguous statements and many more. In Act 3, Scene 5, Lord Capulet wants Juliet to marry Paris as he is lovely and honourable person. Previously, he was extremely happy as his only daughter is going to get married. But when she says, ‘No then the mood of Lord Capulets changes drastically, therefore his mood goes from happy to angry, soft to harsh and weak to strong. Furthermore, Shakespeare uses many techniques to express Lord Capulets anger with Juliet. One of the techniques that Lord Capulet says to Juliet is insults. This is when in Act 3, Scene 5 he says, â€Å"Out, you green-sickness carrion! Out, you baggage! You tallow-face! † By saying this he implies that Juliet is a burden and a disease to him. Here Lord Capulet is being extremely rude by humiliating his only own daughter like this. Lord Capulets daughter, Juliet, is the most important character in this scene as it is primarily based on her. Shakespeare shows Juliets emotions by using statements with double meaning (ambiguous statements). For example, when Juliet says, â€Å"Delay this marriage for a month, a week,† Lady Capulet thinks that she is too young and needs some time. But what she actually means is that she needs some time to think about what she is going to do, to be able to be with Romeo. Juliets mum, Lady Capulet is antagonised by Juliets reply because she said â€Å"No† which was reply that nobody has imagined. This is clear when Juliet asks Lady Capulet for help but she replies, â€Å"Talk to me not for Ill not speak a word†. This is just like saying, â€Å"Talk to my hand, not to my face†. This clearly shows how rude, arrogant and abusive Lady Capulet is. The Nurse, on the other hand, is really worried about Juliet because she is already married and her parents are forcing her to marry Paris. When the Nurse says, â€Å"I think it best you married the county. O, Hes a lovely gentleman!†, she uses vocative because she is really apprehensive about Juliet getting married to Paris, as she is already married to Romeo. In this text an exclamation mark is used and punctuation is really important when writing a play as the reader can know how characters can say their dialogues. For example, â€Å"Hang thee, young baggage! disobedient wretch!† Here Shakespeare uses a comma, to show there is a pause in the dialogue. Also, he uses exclamation marks, which tells the reader that Lord Capulet says the dialogue in a harsh way. Moreover, it also depends on the audience how they will interpret and react to the dialogue. For example, when Lord Capulet say â€Å"hang, thee, beg, starve, die in the streets.† There is a techniques used her which is list. Also, if there were modern audiences then they would interpret this as Lord Capulet being very harsh on his daughter but on the other hand the Shakespeare audiences will interpret as Lord Capulet doing the right thing and considering that Juliet is the one who is wrong because in those times there were more arrange marriages than love marriages. Lord Capulet also tries to gather sympathy from the modern and Shakespeare audiences. For example, when Capulet says, â€Å"Day, night, hour, tide, time, work, play, alone, in company.† He is saying that he has looked after and cared for Juliet for every bit of his life. Also, this text from the play is a technique, which is called list. Capulet says this so he can gather sympathy from the audiences. He will get sympathy from the Shakespeare audience because in Shakespearean time the father chooses the groom for the bride. On the other hand, the modern audience will sympathise with Juliet because they think that a women have the right to choose her groom. After all she is the one who is going to be married and spend her life with her husband. In conclusion, using techniques in a play is really important for a play, as it gives the play a new layout. Also, Shakespeare puts the characters thoughts and feelings in their speech. He builds up dramatic tension between characters which conveys their emotions and therefore portrays their relationship.

Discuss the effectiveness of the opening three scenes of Macbeth Essay

Macbeth is a thrilling tragedy based on a mans lack of control over greed. A play that shows his downfall from being a noble lord who was in a close circle with the king, to losing all his morals. This escalated into his death. Its set in Scotland as it is somewhat known to be a nation of things such as blood feuds. Macbeth is a play associated with the supernatural. It is a theme throughout the play because it has reoccurrences from beginning to end. Examples of this would be the three witches. They appear right at the start where Macbeth is first mentioned. They have visions and further on tell Macbeth he will become thane of Cawdor and then king. This triggers off his arrogance. They then reappear to tell him that he will not die from anything human. The audience are repeatedly getting reminded that the play has a supernatural theme to it. A flying dagger also appears along with all of Macbeths strange hallucinations. Macbeth was written during the Elizabethan era. At that period of time the society had a very strong belief that witches and witchcraft was in existence. People would blame unexplainable events on witchcraft. These things would often include when people died from terrible diseases, an animals death, bad harvesting, and houses burnt down in fires. They didn’t have any knowledge on what was really happening so witches were an easy target to use. There were 270 witch trials during the Elizabethan times. 247 of those people were all women and only a mere 23 were men and I think this is mainly because men were known as being ‘all powerful’. The people that were normally accused for being witches were the old, the unprotected, the poor and single women or widows. Elizabethan women relied on the male members of their family. They didn’t have many rights and for that reason they were belittled by men and expected to obey them. The number of poorer people was increasing and old, poor and unprotected women needed to have some kind of support. Access to doctors and medicines was minimal. Women were expected to produce cures. ‘Wise women’ used herbs. The use of herbs and plants such as mandrake, datura, monkshood, cannabis, belladonna, henbane and hemlock were common ingredients in brews and ointments for medical purposes. As the fear of witches and witchcraft increased anyone with knowledge of herbs were thought to be having a pact with the devil. This would be resulted in execution. In act one scene one a dramatic atmosphere is automatically created. As Macbeth is a play, when the audience is watching this, the setting will set the mood to the scene. It’s set on a moor. This is telling us that it’s in a very quite, almost disturbing place as it’s a wasteland area. There’s thunder and lightning as the three witches enter. This allows the audience to have suspicions that something mysterious is about to happen. Thunder and lightning are also perceived as ghastly things which are associated with things that are awful or scary. This might set a tense atmosphere because the audience will now expect the witches to be like the thunder and lightning, something that will turn out to become awful or scary. In addition to this because the weather is unusual, its not like rain or clouds that we see near enough every day, it can let us acknowledge that something unusual will be at the entrance of the play. In this scene the witches are planning to meet again once the fighting is over to meet Macbeth. This would have made the Elizabethan audience a lot more frightened than our modern audience would ever be because back in that time there was a strong belief in witchcraft. They could have been alarmed and anxious to find out how the witches can be. But on the other hand they might think of the play as a re-enactment of things that have happened therefore being startled as the witches were a big fear in their lives. This is a peculiar scene because the witches saying things which are not normally supposed to happen. Things such as ‘when the battles lost and won’. We know that after a battle is either one or the other when it’s over. So saying that neither will happen makes the audience start to wonder. It gives the audience curiosity as they analyze what the witches words mean. It doesn’t seem to make sense, so why are they saying it is a question that runs through my mind. At the end of this scene the all three witches say a line together. ‘Fair is foul and foul is fair: hover through the filthy air.’ The language the witches use is often rhymes and riddles. This gives me several different interpretations of them. Either they want the audience to guess and attempt to solve the riddles in order to understand what they are talking about. They want us to be involved in the play by thinking of this as a game. Whoever solves the riddles will find their way to the plot the quickest. Or I think the witches are talking to the audience because they want us to wonder but they don’t want us to understand what they are talking about. Exactly like when a parents talks by spelling out words so that a young child does not understand. This is the witches’ way of communicating by making sure that no-one will understand what they are talking about and we are not like them so we don’t grasp their way of talking. It could also be a way of stating that they are witches in the play. Talking in a different sort of language to us means they are not from the same place as we are. In the Polanski film the witches are represented to be very mysterious creatures. They give off an eerie sense to them, with their old, haggered faces surrounding a human arm buried in the sand. The images alone tell us that the witches are nothing like the majority of the society. They are portrayed to look like outcasts as they appear on the moor when no-one is around to be seen. They look as if they’ve been washed up from the sea from a whole other world. In Act one Scene two there is a dramatic contrast to the opening scene. In the first scene there is a mysterious and quite a scary theme but in scene two it turns cheerful. The witches are gone and no elements of the supernatural are now presented. It seems like they have skipped a few scenes as it goes from the three witches riddle to then after the battle. There is no information about the battle except from this scene where they are only talking about its past events. The good king Duncan hears the news on how the battle went in this scene. He gets told how heroically Macbeth and Banquo have fought against Macdonwald and his band of rebels; and then against the Norwegians and the Scottish traitor. King Duncan, Sergeant and Ross now views Macbeth as a brave warrior. ‘For brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name’ is how the sergeant describes him to be. This shows the respect and appreciation they have for him. They now portray Macbeth to be a noble gentleman and an idol that should be looked up to. At this point in the play the audience will also think highly of Macbeth by his description without even laying eyes on him yet. Whilst the sergeant carries on talking about Macbeth he then says ‘Which ne’er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him, till he unseam’d him from nave to the chaps’. He was basically saying that Macbeth didn’t give up the battle, he didn’t leave until he had fully destroyed Macdonwald ‘from nave to the chaps’ meaning from his nose to his jaws. This is showing Macbeths inner strength as well as outer strength by not giving up until he was done. In addition, it is showing their lifestyle and how it was a good thing to be able to fight so savagely. This might make an Elizabethan audience idolize Macbeth. Macbeth is then given the honour of ‘Thane of Cawdor’ by King Duncan. He earns this by his courageous bat tle and has therefore made the Norwegian king beg for peace. Scene three is again dramatically different from the first two scenes. The first scene has a purely supernatural theme to it and the second scene has none whatsoever. Then the third scene comes in and this is where the two worlds collide. Supernatural versus normality. The audience find themselves back at the moor again with more thunder as the witches open the scene. This is like a flashback from the first scene. From the witches interactions at the start of the scene we find out that they are not in the least bit kind but instead they are rather malicious. At the start of their conversation after the first witch asks ‘where hast thou been, sister?’ the second witch replied with ‘killing swine’. This is a simple but effective quote. It tells the audience that the witches stir up trouble. But it also gives them the tension of wanting to know the plans they have got for Macbeth. It is a forceful quote because where the witches are usually talking in riddles; instead she gives a heartless answer with no riddles as we know exactly what killing is. Generally most people would have been a little more shaken up by the thought of killing but not her. Then having no regrets whatsoever because she names the person she has just killed ‘swine’. Once Macbeth and Banquo enter the scene Macbeths firsts words into the play are ‘So foul and fair a day I have not seen’. This links him to the witches because right at the end of the first scene all three of the witches recite ‘fair is foul, and foul is fair: hover through the fog and filthy air’. Macbeth and Banquo describe the witches as ‘so wither’d and so wild in their attire, that look not like th’ inhabitants o’ the earth, and yet are on ‘t?’. They are describing the witches to be barbarians. He is questioning whether they should be on this world or not. This shows that he instantly knows that they are not entirely human. The appearance of the witches gives the audience a judgement to what their going to be like. The appearance of a character is supposed to be there in a play to show off the characters personality traits in it too. The predictions that are given to Macbeth and Banquo are that Macbeth will be the thane of Cawdor and then the king soon after and that Macbeth and Banquo will both be fathers of kings but they won’t become them. Banquo questions the witches along with Macbeth shortly after. They are confused as to what had just happened. When they are about to leave Macbeth says ‘stay you imperfect speakers, tell me more’. This is telling the audience that Macbeth is anxious to find out where they have gathered this knowledge. They seemed to have been stunned by the news. It is weird that the witches already knew that he was thane of Glamis without anyone telling them so they must have some form of power. In addition, the Elizabethan audience thought that witches could tell the future so they would know that what they are saying is true. Plus, the audience now know that Macbeth has become thane of Cawdor already so the rest of their speech is likely to be true too. Afterwards Ross and Angus enter the scene once the witches have vanished and announce that Macbeth is now the thane of Cawdor. This is a really dramatic point in the play because after the witches telling them that Macbeth will become thane of Cawdor it suddenly happens. However the audience can judge the witches better than what Macbeth can because they know what happened in the previous scene. The audience knows that it’s due to Macbeth’s bravery that he has been given the honour of thane of Cawdor. It is dramatic because Macbeth and Banquo now think that its not because of courage it is because of the witches ‘magic’ that got him there. From these opening scenes of the play it is dropping the audience some clues of what is about to happen. They know that something is going to happen to make Macbeth to become king but then he is going to lose that position. They know that Banquo and Macbeth’s sons are going to be kings and they know that king Duncan has to be killed if Macbeth is going to be king. In my opinion the first three scenes of Macbeth are very effective as an opening to the play. It has already showcased the main points of the play with not giving away too much information to make it predictable. It leaves the audience to ask questions to themselves to query what is going to happen next. The theme has been shown in the play by mixing the supernatural and the not. It is also showing how the play is all about power and the hierarchy that Macbeth is climbing up on. Then telling the audience that battles are something that’s going to occur throughout this play by having the first three scenes based around one. The opening would have been more effective to an Elizabethan audience as opposed to a modern audience. The modern audience would find it a lot harder to understand the language that’s being used as it has changed from when the play was written. The Elizabethan audience believed in the supernatural so it would have been more intense to watch. The play is based around things that might of happened around the Elizabethan era. They can relate the play more to their real lives. Whereas for a modern day audience, witches are not something that we talk about in our everyday lives so we cannot relate the play to our own experience. This might make the Elizabethan audience understand the play more.

Article 370

ARTICLE 370: LAWS AND POLITICS While the Constitution recognises in Article 370 the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, the Central Government's policies since 1953 have totally undermined its autonomy. Senior lawyer and political analyst A. G. NOORANI discusses both aspects and suggests a way out of the mess. â€Å"I say with all respect to our Constitution that it just does not matter what your Constitution says; if the people of Kashmir do not want it, it will not go there. Because what is the alternative? The alternative is compulsion and coercion†¦ â€Å"We have fought the good fight about Kashmir on the field of battle†¦ (and) †¦ in many a chancellery of the world and in the United Nations, but, above all, we have fought this fight in the hearts and minds of men and women of that State of Jammu and Kashmir. Because, ultimately – I say this with all deference to this Parliament – the decision will be made in the hearts and minds of the men and wom en of Kashmir; neither in this Parliament, nor in the United Nations nor by anybody else,† Jawaharlal N ehru said in the Lok Sabha on June 26 and August 7, 1952. Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vol. 18, p. 418 and vol. 19 pp. 295-6, respectively. â€Å"From 1953 to 1975, Chief Ministers of that State had been nominees of Delhi. Their appointment to that post was legitimised by the holding of farcical and totally rigged elections in which the Congress party led by Delhi's nominee was elected by huge majorities. † – This authoritative description of a blot on our record which most overlook was written by B. K. Nehru, who was Governor of Kashmir from 1981 to 1984, in his memoirs published in 1997 (Nice Guys Finish Second; pp. 14-5). THOSE who cavil at Article 370 of the Indian Constitution and the â€Å"special status† of Kashmir constitutionally ought to remember the â€Å"special† treatment meted out to it politically. Which other State has been subjected to such debasement an d humiliation? And, why was this done? It was because New Delhi had second thoughts on Article 370. It could not be abrogated legally. It was reduced to a husk through political fraud and constitutional abuse. The current debate is much more than about restoration of Article 370 by erasing the distortions. It is about redressing a moral wrong. The United Front government's minimum programme, published on June 5, 1996, said â€Å"respecting Article 370 of the Constitution as well as the wishes of the people, the problems of Jammu and Kashmir will be resolved through giving the people of that State t he maximum degree of autonomy. † Constitutional abuse accompanied political fraud. Article 370 was intended to guarantee Kashmir's autonomy. On December 4, 1964, Union Home Minister G. L. Nanda said it would be used to serve as â€Å"a tunnel (sic. in the wall† in order to increase the Cent re's power. The State was put in a status inferior to that of other States. One illustration suffices to demonstrate that. Parliament had to amend the Constitution four times, by means of the 59th, 64th, 67th and 68th Constitution Amendments, to extend the President's Rule imposed in Punjab on May 11, 1987. For the State of Jammu and Kashmir the same result was accomplished, from 1990 to 199 6, by mere executive orders under Article 370. Another gross case illustrates the capacity for abuse. On July 30, 1986, the President made an order under Article 370, extending to Kashmir Article 249 of the Constitution in order to empower Parliament to legislate even on a matter in the State List on the strength of a Rajya Sabha resolution. â€Å"Concurrence† to this was given by the Centre's own appointee, Governor Jagmohan. G. A. Lone, a former Secretary, Law and Parliamentary Affairs, to the State Government described in Kashmir Times (April 20 , 1995) how the â€Å"manipulation† was done â€Å"in a single day† against the Law Secretary's advice and â€Å"in the absence of a Council of Ministers. The Nehru-Abdullah Agreement in July 1952 (â€Å"the Delhi Agreement†) confirmed that â€Å"the residuary powers of legislation† (on matters not mentioned in the State List or the Concurrent List), which Article 248 and Entry 97 (Union List) confer on the Union, w ill not apply to Kashmir. The order of 1986 purported to apply to the State Article 249, which empowers Parliament to legislate even on a matter in the State List if a Rajya Sabha resolution so authorises it by a two-thirds vote. But it so amended Article 249 in its application to Kashmir as in effect to apply Article 248 instead – â€Å"any matter specified in the resolution, being a matter which is not enumerated in the Union List or in the Concurrent List. † The Union thus acquired the power to legislate not only on all matters in the State List, but others not mentioned in the Union List or the Concurrent List – the residuary power. In relation to other States, an amendment to the Constitution would require a two-thirds vote by both Houses of Parliament plus ratification by the States (Article 368). For Kashmir, executive orders have sufficed since 1953 and can continue till Doomsday. â€Å"Nowhere else, as far as I can see, is there any provision author ising the executive government to make amendments in the Constitution,† President Rajendra Prasad pointed out to Prime Minister Nehru on September 6, 1952. Nowhere else, in the world, indeed. Is this the state of things we wish to perpetuate? Uniquely Ka shmir negotiated the terms of its membership of the Union for five months. Article 370 was adopted by the Constituent Assembly as a result of those parleys. YET, all hell broke loose when the State Assembly adopted, on June 26, a resolution recording its acceptance of the report of the State Autonomy Committee (the Report) and asked â€Å"the Union Government and the Government of Jammu and Kashmir to take positi ve and effective steps for the implementation of the same. † On July 4, the Union Cabinet said that the resolution was â€Å"unacceptable†¦ would set the clock back and reverse the natural process of harmonising the aspirations of the people of Jammu & Kashmi r with the integrity of the State† – a patent falsehood, as everyone knows. The State's Law Minister, P. L. Handoo, said on June 26 that the people â€Å"want nothing more than what they had in 1953. † Overworked metaphors (about the clock or the waters of the Jhelum which flowed since) do not answer two crucial questions: Can lapse of time sanctify patent constitutional abuse? Can it supply legislative competence? If Parliament has legislated over the States on a matter on which it had no power to legislate, under the Constitution, it would be a nullity. Especially if the State's people have been protesting meanwhile and their voice was stifled through rigged elections. Disapproval of Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah's opportunist politics should not blind one to the constitutional issues. The State's Finance Minister, Abdul Rahim Rather, a moving spirit behind the Report, resents suggestions of political timing. The repo rt was placed before the Assembly on April 13, 1999. The State Cabinet endorsed its recommendations and decided last April to convene a special session of the Assembly to discuss it. The Government of India was â€Å"once again requested to set up a ministeri al committee in order to initiate a dialogue on the report. â€Å" It provides a comprehensive survey of constitutional developments, which is useful in itself for its documentation. It lists 42 orders under Article 370 and gives the following opinion: â€Å"Not all these orders can be objected to. For instance, none can obj ect to provisions for direct elections to Parliament in 1966†¦ It is the principle that matters. Constitutional limits are there to be respected, not violated. † The ruler of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India by an Instrument of Accession on October 26, 1947 in respect of only three subjects – defence, foreign affairs and communications. A schedule listed precisely 16 topics under these heads plus four others (e lections to Union legislature and the like). Clause 5 said that the Instrument could not be altered without the State's consent. Clause 7 read: â€Å"Nothing in this Instrument shall be deemed to commit me in any way to acceptance of any future Constitution of India or fetter my discretion to enter into arrangements with the Government of India under any such future Constitution. † Kashmir was then governed internally by its own Constitution of 1939. The Maharaja made an Order on October 30, 1947 appointing Sheikh Abdullah the Head of the Emergency Administration, replacing it, on March 5, 1948, with an Interim Government with the Sheikh as Prime Minister. It was enjoined to convene a National Assembly â€Å"to frame a Constitution† for the State. Negotiations were held on May 15 and 16, 1949 at Vallabhbhai Patel's residence in New Delhi on Kashmir's future set-up. Nehru and Abdullah were present. Foremost among the topics were â€Å"the framing of a Constitution for the State† and â€Å"the subjects in res pect of which the State should accede to the Union of India. On the first, Nehru recorded in a letter to the Sheikh (on May 18) that both Patel and he agreed that it was a matter for the State's Constituent Assembly. â€Å"In regard to (ii) the Jammu and Kas hmir State now stands acceded to the Indian Union in respect of three subjects; namely, foreign affairs, defence and communications. It will be for the Con stituent Assembly of the State when convened, to determine in respect of which other subjects the State may accede† (emphasis added, throughout). Article 370 embodies this basic principle which was reiterated throughout (S. W. J. N. Vol. 11; p. 12). On June 16, 1949, Sheikh Abdullah, Mirza Mammad Afzal Beg, Maulana Mohammed Saeed Masoodi and Moti Ram Bagda joined the Constituent Assembly of India. Negotiations began in earnest on Article 370 (Article 306. A in the draft). N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar tri ed to reconcile the differences between Patel and Abdullah. A text, agreed on October 16, was moved in the Constituent Assembly the next day, unilaterally altered by Ayyangar. A trivial change,† as he admitted in a letter to the Sheikh on October 18. Pa tel confirmed it to Nehru on November 3 on his return from the United States. Beg had withdrawn his amendment after the accord. Abdullah and he were in the lobby, and rushed to the House when they learnt of the change. In its original form the draft woul d have made the Sheikh's ouster in 1953 impossible. ARTICLE 370 embodies six special provisions for Jammu and Kashmir. First , it exempted the State from the provisions of the Constitution providing for the governance of the States. Jammu and Kashmir was allowed to have its own Constitution within the Indi an Union. Second, Parliament's legislative power over the State was restricted to three subjects – defence, external affairs and communications. The President could extend to it other provisions of the Constitution to provide a constitutional framework if they related to the matters specified in the Instrument of Accession. For this, only â€Å"consultation† with the State government was required since the State had already accepted them by the Instrument. But, third, if other â€Å"constitutional† provisions or other Union powers were to be extended to Kashmir, the prior â€Å"concurrence† of the State government was required. The fourth feature is that that concurrence was provisional. It had to be ratified by the State's Constituent Assembly. Article 370(2) says clearly: â€Å"If the concurrence of the Government of the State†¦ be given before the Constituent Assembly for the pu rpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened, it shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon. â€Å" The fifth feature is that the State government's authority to give the â€Å"concurrence† lasts only till the State's Constituent Assembly is â€Å"convened†. It is an â€Å"interim† power. Once the Constituent Assembly met, the State government could not give its own â€Å"concurrence†. Still less, after the Assembly met and dispersed. Moreover, the President cannot exercise his power to extend the Indian Constitution to Kashmir indefinitely. The power has to stop at the point the State's Constituent Assembly draft ed the State's Constitution and decided finally what additional subjects to confer on the Union, and what other rovisions of the Constitution of India it should get extended to the State, rather than having their counterparts embodied in the State Const itution itself. Once the State's Constituent Assembly had finalised the scheme and dispersed, the President's extending powers ended completely. The sixth special feature, the last step in the p rocess, is that Article 370(3) empowers the President to make an Order abrogating or amending it. But for this also â€Å"the recommendation† of the State's Constituent Assembly â€Å"shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification†. Article 370 cannot be abrogated or amended by recourse to the amending provisions of the Constitution which apply to all the other States; namely, Article 368. For, in relation to Kashmir, Article 368 has a proviso which says that no constitutional amend ment â€Å"shall have effect in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir† unless applied by Order of the President under Article 370. That requires the concurrence of the State's government and ratification by its Constituent Assembly. Jammu and Kashmir is mentioned among the States of the Union in the First Schedule as Article 1 (2) requires. But Article 370 (1) (c) says: â€Å"The provisions of Article 1 and of this Article shall apply in relation to that State†. Article 1 is thus appl ied to the State through Article 370. What would be the effect of its abrogation, as the Bharatiya Janata Party demands? Ayyangar's exposition of Article 370 in the Constituent Assembly on October 17, 1949 is authoritative. â€Å"We have also agreed that the will of the people through the instrument of the Constituent Assembly will determine the Constitution of the State as wel l as the sphere of Union jurisdiction over the State†¦ You will remember that several of these clauses provide for the concurrence of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir State. Now, these relate particularly to matters which are not mentioned in the Ins trument of Accession, and it is one of our commitments to the people and Government of Kashmir that no such additions should be made except with the consent of the Constituent Assembly which may be called in the State for the purpose of framing its Co nstitution. â€Å" Ayyangar explained that â€Å"the provision is made that when the Constituent Assembly of the State has met and taken its decision both on the Constitution for the State and on the range of federal jurisdiction over the State, the President may, on the recomm endation of that Constituent Assembly, issue an Order that this Article 306 (370 in the draft) shall either cease to be operative, or shall be operative only subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified by him. But before he issued an y order of that kind, the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly will be a condition precedent. THE HINDU PHOTO LIBRARY Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru with Sheikh Abdullah. This unique process of Presidential Orders altering constitutional provisions by a mere executive order ends with the final decision of the State's Constituent Assembly. Ayyangar repeatedly said that the State government's concurrence alone will not do. â€Å"That concurrence should be placed before th e Constituent Assembly when it meets and the Constituent Assembly may take whatever decisions it likes on those matters. † (Constituent Assembly Debates; Vol. 8; pp. 424-427). In 1949, no one knew when Kashmir's Constituent Assembly would be elected. Ayyangar therefore said: â€Å"The idea is that even before the Constituent Assembly meets, it may be necessary†¦ that certain items which are not included in the Instrument of Access ion would be appropriately added to that list in the Instrument†¦ and as this may happen before the Constituent Assembly meets, the only authority from whom we can get consent for the addition is the Government of the State. † This was explicitly only for that interim period. Article 370 (1) (b) is clear. The power of Parliament to make laws for the said State shall be limited to† (1) matters in the Union and Concurrent Lists corresponding to the broad heads specified in the Instrument of Accession â€Å"and (ii) such other matte rs in the said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the State the President may by Order specify†. An Explanation defined â€Å"the Government of the Stateâ € . Similar â€Å"concurrence† was required when extending provisions regarding Union instituti ons beyond the agreed ones. But Article 370 (2) stipulated clearly that if that concurrence is given â€Å"before the Constituent Assembly†¦ s convened, it shall be placed before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon†. Once Kashmir's Constituent Assembly was â€Å"convened† on November 5, 1951, the State Government lost all authority to accord its â€Å"concurrence† to the Union. With the Assembly's dispersal on November 17, 1956, after adopting the Constitution of Jammu and Kas hmir, vanished the only authority which alone could cede: (a) more powers to the Union and (b) accept Union institutions other than those specified in the Instrument of Accession. All additions to Union powers since then are unconstitutional. This unders tanding informed decisions – right until 1957. THE Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution on November 26, 1949. A day earlier, the ruler of Kashmir made a Proclamation declaring that it â€Å"shall in so far as it is applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, govern the constitutional r elationships between this State and the contemplated Union of India†. Article 370 is more than a provision of that solemn document. It is also a sacred compact with the State. On January 26, 1950, the President made his first Order under Article 370, extending specified provisions of the new Constitution to the State. On April 20, 1951, the ruler made a Proclamation for convening the State's Constituent Assembly. It met on November 5, 1951. Two issues came to the fore. Nehru was eager to secure Kashmir's â€Å"closer integration† with India; the Sheikh to ensure popular go vernance. The Delhi Agreement that followed was announced at a press conference in Delhi on July 24, 1952 by both. This Union-Centre accord had no legal force by itself. Only an Order under Article 370 could confer that – after the Sheikh gave his â€Å"concu rrence† formally. The Sheikh, meanwhile, pressed for an Order to redraft â€Å"the Explanation† in Article 370 redefining the State government as one headed by an elected â€Å"Sadar-i-Riyasat (State President)†¦ acting on the advice† of his Ministers. As for the Sheikh's request, Nehru wrote on July 29, 1952: â€Å"It is not a perfectly clear matter from the legal point of view how far the President can issue notifications under Article 370 several times. † On September 6, 1952, President Rajendra Prasad po inted out the illegality of such a course in a closely reasoned Note. (It is appended to the Report. He questioned â€Å"the competence of the President to have repeated recourse to the extraordinary powers conferred on him† by Article 370. â€Å"Any provi sion authorising the executive government to make amendments in the Constitution† was an incongruity. He endorsed Ayyangar's views on the finality of a single Order under Article 370. â€Å"I have little doubt myself that the intention is that the power is to be exercised only once, for then alone would it be possible to determine with precision which particular provisions should be excepted and which modified. The President concluded: â€Å"The conclusion, therefore, seems to me to be irresistible that Clause (3) of Article 370 was not intended to be used from time to time as occasion required. Nor was it intended to be used without any limit as to time. The correc t view appears to be that recourse is to be had to this clause only when the Constituent Assembly (sic) (Constitution) of the State has been fully framed. † That was over on November 17, 1956. But he yielded to Nehru's pressure and made the Order on Novem ber 15, 1952. Events took a tragic course. The Sheikh was dismissed from office and imprisoned on August 9, 1953 (vide the writer's article, How and Why Nehru and Abdullah Fell Out†: Economic and Political Weekly; January 30, 1999). On May 14, 1954 came a compr ehensive Presidential Order under Article 370. Although it was purported to have been made with the â€Å"concurrence† of the State government it drew validity from a resolution of the Constituent Assembly on February 15, 1954 which approved extension to the State of some provisions of the Constitution of India. The Order sought to implement the Delhi Agreement. The Report makes two valid points. Why the haste since the State's Constitution was yet to be framed? Besides, the order in some respects went beyon d the Delhi Agreement. It certainly paved the way for more such Orders – all with â€Å"the concurrence of the State Government†, each elected moreover in a rigged poll. Ninetyfour of the 97 Entries in the Union List and 26 of the 47 in the Concurrent List were extended to Kashmir as were 260 of the 395 Articles of the Constitution. Worse, the State's Constitution was overridden by the Centre's orders. Its basic structure was altered. The head of State elected by the State legislature was replaced by a Governor nominated by the Centre. Article 356 (imposition of President's Rule) wa s applied despite provision in the State's Constitution for Governor's rule (Section 92). This was done on November 21, 1964. On November 24, 1966, the Governor replaced the Sadar-i-Riyasat after the State's Constitution had been amended on April 10, 1965 by the 6th Amendment in violation of Section 147 of the Constitution. Section 147 makes itself immune to amendment. But it referred to the Sadar-i-Riyasat and required his assent to constitutional amendments. He was elected by the Assembly [Section 27 (2)]. To replace him by the Centre's nominee was to alter the basic structure. Article 370 was used freely not only to amend the Constitution of India but also of the State. On July 23, 1975 an Order was made debarring the State legislature from amending the State Constitution on matters in respect of the Governor, the Election Co mmission and even â€Å"the composition† of the Upper House, the Legislative Council. It would be legitimate to ask how all this could pass muster when there existed a Supreme Court of India. Three cases it decided tell a sorry tale. In Prem Nath Kaul vs State of J, decided in 1959, a Constitution Bench consisting of five judges unanimously held that Article 370 (2) â€Å"shows that the Constitution-makers attached great importance to the final decision of the Constituent Assembly, and the continuance of the exercise of powers conferred on the Parliament and the President by t he relevant temporary provision of Article 370 (1) is made conditional on the final approval by the said Constituent Assembly in the said matters†. It referred to Clause 3 and said that â€Å"the proviso to Clause (3) also emphasises the importance whi ch was attached to the final decision of Constituent Assembly of Kashmir in regard to the relevant matters covered by Article 370†. The court ruled that â€Å"the Constitution-makers were obviously anxious that the said relationship should be finally d etermined by the Constituent Assembly of the State itself. † But, in 1968, in Sampat Prakash vs the State of J, another Bench ruled to the contrary without even referring to the 1959 case. Justice M. Hidayatullah sat on both Benches. The court held that Article 370 can still be used to make orders thereunder despite the fact that the State's Constituent Assembly had ceased to exist. FOUR BASIC flaws stand out in the judgment. †¢First, the Attorney-General cited Ayyangar's speech only on the India-Pakistan war of 1947, the entanglement with the United Nations and the conditions in the State. On this basis, the court said, in 1968, that â€Å"the situation that existed when this Article was incorporated in the Constitution has not materially altered,† 21 years later. It ignored completely Ayyangar's exposition of Article 370 itself; fundamentally, that the Constituent Assembly of Kashmir al one had the final say. †¢Secondly, it brushed aside Article 370 (2) which lays down this condition, and said that it spoke of â€Å"concurrence given by the Government of State before the Constituent Assembly was convened and makes no mention at all of the completion† of its work or its dissolution. The supreme power of the State's Constituent Assembly to ratify any change, or refuse to do so, was clearly indicated. Clause (3) on the cessation of Article 370 makes it clearer still. But the court picked on this clause to hold that since the Assembly had made no recommendation that Article 370 be abrogated, it should continue. It, surely, does not follow that after that body dispersed the Union acquired the power to amass powers by invoking Article 370 when the decisive ratificatory body was gone. †¢ Thirdly, the Supreme Court totally overlooked the fact that on its interpretation, Article 370 can be abused by collusive State and Central Governments to override the State's Constitution and reduce the guarantees to naught. Lastly, the court misconstru ed the State Constituent Assembly's recommendation of November 17, 1952, referred to earlier, which merely defined in an explanation â€Å"the Government of the State†. To the court this meant that the Assembly had â€Å"expressed its agreement to the continued op eration of this Article by making a recommendation that it should be operative with this modification only. † It had in fact made no such recommendation. The Explanation said no more than that â€Å"for the purposes of this Article, the Government of the State means†¦ It does not, and indeed, cannot remove the limitations on the Central Government's power to concurrence imposed by Clause (2); namely ratification by the Constituent Assembly. The court laid down no limit whatever whether as regards the time or the content. â€Å"We must give the widest effect to the meaning of the word ‘modification' used in Article 370 (1)†. The net result of this ruling was to gi ve a carte blanche to the Government of India to extend to Kashmir such of the provisions of the Constitution of India as it pleased. In 1972, in Mohammed Maqbool Damnoo vs the State of J & K, another Bench blew sky high the tortuous meaning given to the Explanation. It was a definition which had become â€Å"otiose†. But this Bench also did not refer to the 1959 ruling. Cases there are, albeit rare, when courts have overlooked a precedent. But that is when there is a plethora of them. Article 370 gave rise only to three cases. The first was studiously ignored in both that followed. The court found no difference between an elected S adar and an appointed Governor. There is no question of such a change being one in the character of that government from a democratic to a non-democratic system. † If the Constitution of India is amended to empower the Prime Minister to nominate the Pres ident as Sri Lanka's 1972 Constitution did – would it make no difference to its democratic character, pray? To this Bench â€Å"the essential feature† of Article 370 (1) (b) and (d) is â€Å"the necessity of the concurrence of the State Government†, not the Consti tuent Assembly. This case was decided before the Supreme Court formulated in 1973 the doctrine of the unamendable basic structure of the Constitution. GIVEN their record, whenever Kashmir is involved, how can anyone ask Kashmiris to welcome Union institutions (such as the Election Commission) with warmth? Sheikh Abdullah had no cards to play when he concluded an Accord with Indira Gandhi and became Chief Minister on February 24, 1975. At the outset, on August 23, 1974, he had written to G. Parthasarathy: â€Å"I hope that I have made it abundantly clear to you that I can assume office only on the basis of the position as it existed on August 8, 1953. † Judgment on the changes since â€Å"will be deferred until the newly elected Assembly comes into being†. On November 13, 1974, G. P. and M. A. Beg signed â€Å"agreed concl usions† – Article 370 remained; so did the residuary powers of legislation (except in regard to anti-national acts); Constitutional provisions extended with changes can be â€Å"altered or repealed†; the State could review Central laws on specified topics (we lfare, culture, and so on) counting on the Centre's â€Å"sympathetic consideration†; a new bar on amendment to the State Constitution regarding the Governor and the E. C. Differences on â€Å"nomenclature† of the Governor and Chief Minister were â€Å"remitted to the p rincipals†. Differences persisted on the E. C. , Article 356 and other points. On November 25, the Sheikh sought a meeting with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Her reply not only expressed doubt on the usefulness of talks but also on his commitment to â€Å"the b asic features of the State's Constitution† and to â€Å"the democratic functioning† of the government. Hurt, he wrote back ending the parleys. They met at Pahalgam. An exchange of letters, on February 12, 1975, clinched the deal on the basis of the Agreed Con clusions. This was a political accord between an individual, however eminent, and the Government, like the Punjab Accord (July 24, 1985); the Assam Accord (August 15, 1985); the Nagaland Accord (November 11, 1975); and the Mizoram Accord (June 30, 1986) – e ach between the government and the opposition. It cannot override Article 370; still less sanctify Constitutional abuse. It bound the Sheikh alone and only until 1977. This was explicitly an accord on â€Å"political cooperation between us†, as Indira Gandhi wrote (December 16, 1974). On February 12, 1975, Abdullah recorded that it provided â€Å"a good basis for my cooperation at the political level†. In Parliament on March 3, 1975 she called it a â€Å"new political understanding†. He was made Chief Minister on February 24, backed by the Congress' majority in the Assembly and on the understanding of a fresh election soon. Sheikh Abdullah's memoirs Aatish-e-Chinar (Urdu) rec ord her backtracking on the pledge and the Congress' perfidy in March 1977 when she lost the Lok Sabha elections. It withdrew support and staked a claim to form a government. Governor's Rule was imposed. The Sheikh's National Conference won the elections with a resounding majority on the pledge to restore Jammu and Kashmir's autonomy, which was also Farooq's pledge in 1996. The 1975 accord had collapsed. It was, I can reveal, based on gross error. The Agreed Conclusions said (Para 3): â€Å"But provisions of the Constitution already applied to the State of J&K without adaptation or modification are unalterable. † This preposterous assertion was made in the tee th of the Sampat Prakash case. One order can always be rescinded by another. All the orders since 1954 can be revoked; they are a nullity anyway. Beg was precariously ill and relied on advice which GP's â€Å"expert† had given him. He was one S. Balakr ishnan whom R. Venkataraman refers to as â€Å"Constitutional Adviser in the Home Ministry† in his memoirs. It is no disrespect to point out that issues of such complexity and consequence are for counsel's opinion; not from a solicitor, still less a bureaucrat even if he had read the law. Even the Law Secretary would have insisted on the Attorney-General's opinion. Amazed at what Beg had told me in May 1975, I pursued the matter and eventually met Balakrishnan in 1987. He confirmed that he had, indeed, given